Linux下操作系统编程有两本经典APUE即《Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment》和TLPI《The Linux Programming Interface》,中文版对应《》和《》。
TLPI洋洋洒洒英文版1506页,中文版1176页;一共64章节,明显是作为工具书使用。通过目录可以了解本书的结构,以及作者的组织形式。
- 背景知识及概念:共3章分别介绍了UNIX、C、Linux历史;Linux和UNIX基本概念;Linux和UNIX系统编程基本概念。
- 系统编程接口基本特性:共9章分别介绍了文件I/O、进程、内存分配、用户和组、进程凭证、时间、系统限制和选项、获取系统和进程信息。
- 系统编程接口高级特性:共11章分别介绍了文件I/O缓冲、文件系统、文件属性、扩展属性、访问控制列表、目录和链接、监控文件时间、信号、定时器。
- 进程、程序及线程:共10章分别介绍了进程创建、终止,监控子进程,执行程序;POSIX线程。
- 进程及程序高级主题:共9章分别介绍了进程组、会话及任务控制;进程优先级和进程调度;进程资源;守护进程;编写安全的特权程序;能力;登陆记账;共享库。
- 进程间通信:共13章分别介绍了IPC概览;管道和FIFO;System V IPC消息队列、信号量及共享内存;内存映射;虚拟内存操作;POSIX消息队列、信号量及共享内存;文件锁定。
- 套接字和网络编程:共6章。
- 高级I/O主题:共3章分别介绍了中断、其他I/O模型、伪终端。
关于本书的示例有两个版本和,在可以找到他们的详细信息;为了便于使用将其放到。
第10章 时间
1. 日历时间
常用的获取时间的函数time和gettimeofday两种:
#includeint gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorstruct timeval { __kernel_time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */ __kernel_suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */};
#includetime_t time(time_t *timep); Returns number of seconds since the Epoch,or (time_t) –1 on error
time函数基于gettimeofday实现,time精度秒级,gettimeofday可以达到微妙。
2. 时间转换函数
下图是从内核获取时间的两种方式(time和gettimeofday),以及基于此进行的时间转换(timeval、time_t、tm)。
time对应的设置时间函数是stime,gettimeofday对应的是gettimeofday。
time_t和timeval关系,time_t是timeval的秒部分对齐,四舍五入。
time_t到tm转换:gmtime()、localtime()。
tm到time_t转换:mktime()。
time_t到文本:ctime()。
tm到文本:asctime()、strftime()。
文本到tm:strptime()。
3. 时区
/etc/localtime
4. 地区
5. 更新系统时钟
6. 软件时钟
7. 进程时间
#includeclock_t times(struct tms *buf); Returns number of clock ticks (sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)) since “arbitrary” time in past on success, or (clock_t) –1 on error
8. 总结
第23章 定时器与休眠
1.间隔定时器setitimer和alarm
两个重要的结构体:定时器参数struct itimerval和表示时间struct timerval。
struct itimerval { struct timeval it_interval; /* Interval for periodic timer */ struct timeval it_value; /* Current value (time until next expiration) */ 为0则是一次性定时器。};struct timeval { time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds */ suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds (long int) */}; |
setitimer和alarm原型:
#include <sys/time.h> int setitimer(int which, const struct itimerval *new_value, struct itimerval *old_value); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint getitimer(int which, struct itimerval *curr_value); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error#include <unistd.h> unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds); Always succeeds, returning number of seconds remaining on any previously set timer, or 0 if no timer previously was set |
setitimer可以指定三种不同类型定时器:ITIMER_REAL(SIGALARM)、ITIMER_VIRTUAL(SIGVTALRM)、ITIMER_PROF(SIGPROF)。
- 进程可以拥有三种定时器,但是每种只能设置一个。
- 只能通过发送信号的方式来通知定时器到期,也不能改变到期信号时产生的信号。
- alarm()和setitimer()针对同一进程共享同一实时定时器。
- 三种定时器的参考时间不同,ITIMER_REAL(真实时间)、ITIMER_VIRTUAL(进程虚拟时间,用户CPU时间)、ITIMER_PROF(进程的用户和内核时间总和)。
- 如果这些信号不设置处理函数,则默认会终止进程。
- 如果一个间隔式定时器到期多次,且相应信号遭到阻塞时,那么只会调用一次信号处理函数。
- 分辨率微秒级。
Notes:简单讲alarm基于setitimer,setitimer有三种形式。
两者的系统调用如下:
asmlinkage long sys_getitimer(int which, struct itimerval __user *value);asmlinkage long sys_setitimer(int which, struct itimerval __user *value, struct itimerval __user *ovalue);asmlinkage long sys_alarm(unsigned int seconds);
对应的原型在:
kernel/itimer.cSYSCALL_DEFINE3(setitimer, int, which, struct itimerval __user *, value, struct itimerval __user *, ovalue)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(getitimer, int, which, struct itimerval __user *, value)kernel/timer.cSYSCALL_DEFINE1(alarm, unsigned int, seconds)
从代码看alarm和setitimer之间的关系:
unsigned int alarm_setitimer(unsigned int seconds){ struct itimerval it_new, it_old;#if BITS_PER_LONG < 64 if (seconds > INT_MAX) seconds = INT_MAX;#endif it_new.it_value.tv_sec = seconds;----------------------------alarm精度是秒级,setitimer是微妙级别。 it_new.it_value.tv_usec = 0; it_new.it_interval.tv_sec = it_new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0; do_setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &it_new, &it_old);-----------------从这里可以看出alarm是setitimer的ITIMER_REAL形式,所以两者不能混用。容易造成混乱。 /* * We can't return 0 if we have an alarm pending ... And we'd * better return too much than too little anyway */ if ((!it_old.it_value.tv_sec && it_old.it_value.tv_usec) || it_old.it_value.tv_usec >= 500000) it_old.it_value.tv_sec++; return it_old.it_value.tv_sec;}
do_setitimer/do_getitimer都对ITIMER_REAL、ITIMER_VIRTUAL、ITIMER_PROF分别进行了处理。这三个定时器都是内嵌在struct task_struct中:
ITIMER_REAL:借用task_struct->signal->real_timer,超时函数式it_real_fn。创建以真实时间倒计时的定时器,到期发送SIGALRM给进程。
ITIMER_VIRTUAL:task_struct->signal->it[CPUCLOCK_VIRT]。创建以进程虚拟时间(用户模式下CPU时间)倒计时的定时器,到期会产生信号SIGVTALRM。
ITIMER_PROF:task_struct->signal->it[CPUCLOCK_PROF]。创建一个profiling定时器,以进程时间(用户+内核CPU时间总和)倒计时。
setitimer和alarm异同?
- alarm是setitimer的ITIMER_REAL形式
- alarm精度为秒,setitimer为微妙级(但受受限于软件时钟的频率)
- alarm只提供一次性实时定时器,setitimer可以提供周期性定时器。
alarm基于setitimer,那么setitimer又是基于什么呢?
ITIMER_REAL基于hrtimer,ITIMER_VIRTUAL和ITIMER_PROF基于POSIX CPU timer。这里重点看一下hrtimer相关内容。
task_struct->signal->real_timer是由谁创建的?do_fork-->copy_process-->copy_signal-->hrtimer_init(&sig->real_timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL),超时函数是it_real_fn。
注意这里hrtimer的两个参数时钟类型是CLOCK_MONOTONIC单调次增,防跳变;timer模式是HRTIMER_MODE_REL是一个相对时间。
enum hrtimer_restart it_real_fn(struct hrtimer *timer){ struct signal_struct *sig = container_of(timer, struct signal_struct, real_timer); trace_itimer_expire(ITIMER_REAL, sig->leader_pid, 0); kill_pid_info(SIGALRM, SEND_SIG_PRIV, sig->leader_pid);--------发送SIFALRM给调用进程。 return HRTIMER_NORESTART;}
测试验证
- 不同which差异?结果:同时触发,这三者占用的时间ITIMER_REAL< ITIMER_PROF <ITIMER_VIRTUAL,可见后两者受进程调度影响较大。
- alarm和setitimer冲突问题?结果:alarm和ITIMER_REAL存在冲突,两者是基于同样的setitimer。
- setitimer定时器只能存在一个?结果:可以三个,同一类型只能一个。
2.定时器的调度及精度
- 系统可能会在定时器到期的瞬间之后才去调度其所属进程,这取决于当前负载和对进程的调度。
- setitimer()定时器虽然可能延迟一定时间,但是后续的定时器仍然按照固定间隔。比如2秒定时器,2.3超时,下一个应该在4.3秒超时。
- 虽然setitimer精度达到微妙,但是受制于软件时钟频率。比如jiffy为4ms,间隔为19100微妙,实际间隔是20ms。
- 高分辨率定时器需要内核CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS。
3.为阻塞操作设置超时
4.休眠一段时间
低分辨率休眠sleep()
#include <unistd.h> unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds); 如果休眠正常结束,返回0。如果被中断,返回剩余秒数。可能由于系统负载调度原因,会在sleep到时候才对进程重新加以调度。 |
高分辨率休眠nanosleep()
#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309 #include <time.h>int nanosleep(const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain); Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep, or –1 on error or interrupted sleeprequest指定了休眠持续时间,理论上精度可以达到纳秒级,但受制于软件时钟间隔。如果间隔并非间隔值,者向上取整。 nanosleep()不基于信号实现,但是可以通过型号处理函数来中断,如SIGINT(Ctrl-C)。 再被中断之后,剩余时间可以通过remain中获取。将remain赋给request,则可以继续睡眠剩余时间。 |
Notes:
sleep、nanosleep、clock_nanosleep区别?
- sleep睡眠秒级,nanosleep理论上可以到达纳秒级别(但受制于软件时钟间隔大小,会向上取整)
- 部分系统sleep基于alram/setitimer来实现,nanosleep则不会使用信号实现函数
- clock_nanosleep设置flags,TIMER_ABSTIME。
- clock_nanosleep不同时钟来测量休眠间隔clockid。
- nanosleep(HRTIMER_MODE_REL、CLOCK_MONOTONIC),clock_nanosleep(HRTIMER_MODE_ABS/ HRTIMER_MODE_REL、CLOCK_REALTIME/CLOCK_MONOTONIC/),TIMER_ABSTIME避免进程嗜睡问题。
如下sleep、usleep、nanosleep、clock_nanosleep代码可以看出区别:
libc/unistd/sleep.cunsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds){ struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = (long int) seconds, .tv_nsec = 0 }; sigset_t set; struct sigaction oact; unsigned int result;... /* Run nanosleep, with SIGCHLD blocked if SIGCHLD is SIG_IGNed. */ result = nanosleep (&ts, &ts);----------------------------------------基于nanosleep if (result != 0) { /* Got EINTR. Return remaining time. */ result = (unsigned int) ts.tv_sec + (ts.tv_nsec >= 500000000L); }...}unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds){ struct sigaction act, oact; sigset_t set, oset; unsigned int result, remaining; time_t before, after; int old_errno = errno;... remaining = alarm(seconds);--------------------------------------------在没有定义REALTIME相关内容情况下,使用alarm实现。... return result > seconds ? 0 : seconds - result;}libc/unistd/usleep.c#if defined __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__int usleep (__useconds_t usec){ const struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = (long int) (usec / 1000000), .tv_nsec = (long int) (usec % 1000000) * 1000ul }; return nanosleep(&ts, NULL);-----------------------------------根据REALTIME是否定义,是则基于nanosleep;否则基于select实现。}#else /* __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__ */int usleep (__useconds_t usec){ struct timeval tv; tv.tv_sec = (long int) (usec / 1000000); tv.tv_usec = (long int) (usec % 1000000); return select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);}#endif /* __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__ */kernel/hrtimer.cSYSCALL_DEFINE2(nanosleep, struct timespec __user *, rqtp, struct timespec __user *, rmtp){ struct timespec tu; if (copy_from_user(&tu, rqtp, sizeof(tu))) return -EFAULT; if (!timespec_valid(&tu)) return -EINVAL; return hrtimer_nanosleep(&tu, rmtp, HRTIMER_MODE_REL, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);---基于hrtimer_nanosleep的CLOCK_MONOTONIC时钟,相对时间。}kernel/posix-timer.cSYSCALL_DEFINE4(clock_nanosleep, const clockid_t, which_clock, int, flags, const struct timespec __user *, rqtp, struct timespec __user *, rmtp){ struct k_clock *kc = clockid_to_kclock(which_clock); struct timespec t; if (!kc) return -EINVAL; if (!kc->nsleep) return -ENANOSLEEP_NOTSUP; if (copy_from_user(&t, rqtp, sizeof (struct timespec))) return -EFAULT; if (!timespec_valid(&t)) return -EINVAL; return kc->nsleep(which_clock, flags, &t, rmtp);------------------------除了POSIX CPU Timer和AlarmTImer外,也是基于hrtimer_nanosleep,但是多了which_clock的选择。}
测试验证
- nanosleep能达到的精度?是多少?受制于hrtimer?用户空间很难精确测量精度,系统调用、进程调度都会影响到实际定时时间段。
- sleep是否基于nanosleep?根据是否定义REALTIME功能来定。
通过strace查看sleep和nanosleep可以看出,sleep基于nanosleep实现。
5.POSIX时钟
POSIX时钟API必须以-lrt选项进行编译,从而与librt函数库链接,主要系统调用包括获取当前值的clock_gettime()、返回时钟分辨率的clock_getres()、以及更新时钟的clock_settime()。
要测定特定进程或线程所消耗的CPU时间,可以借助clock_getcpuclockid/pthread_getcpuclockid来获取时钟ID,接着再以此返回ID去调用clock_gettime(),从而获得进程或线程耗费的CPU时间。pid为0是,clock_getcpuclockid()返回调用进程的CPU时间时钟ID。
#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309 #include <time.h>int clock_gettime(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *tp);int clock_getres(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *res); Both return 0 on success, or –1 on errorint clock_settime(clockid_t clockid, const struct timespec *tp); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint clock_getcpuclockid(pid_t pid, clockid_t *clockid); Returns 0 on success, or a positive error number on errorint pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_t thread, clockid_t *clockid); Returns 0 on success, or a positive error number on errorint clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clockid, int flags, const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain); Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep or a positive error number on error or interrupted sleep |
CLOCK_REALTIME时钟是一种系统级时钟,用于度量真实时间。
CLOCK_MONOTONIC系统启动后就不会发生改变,适用于那些无法容忍系统时钟发生跳跃性变化的应用。Linux上这种时钟对事件的测量食欲系统启动。
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID时钟测量调用进程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID时钟用于测量进程中单条线程的用户和系统CPU时间。
Linux特有的clock_nanosleep()系统调用也可以暂停调用进程,知道经理一段指定时间,亦或是收到信号才恢复运行。
int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clockid, int flags, const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain); Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep,or a positive error number on error or interrupted sleep |
默认情况下(flags为0),request指定休眠间隔是相对时间;如果flags设定TIMER_ABSTIME,request则表示clockid时钟所测量的绝对时间。
相对时间嗜睡问题:如果只是先获取当前时间,计算与目标时间差距,再以相对时间进行休眠,进程可能执行到一半就奔抢占了,结果实际休眠时间回避预期要久。如果被信号处理函数中断并使用循环重启休眠,则“嗜睡”问题尤其明显。如果信号频率很高,则按相对时间休眠的进程则会有较大时间误差。
如何避免嗜睡:先调用clock_gettime()获取时间,加上期望休眠的时间量,再以TIMER_ABSTIME标识调用clock_nanosleep()函数。指定TIMER_ABSTIME,不再使用参数remain。如果信号中断clock_nanosleep()调用,再次调用该函数来重启休眠时,request参数不变。clock_nanosleep()和nanosleep()另一区别在可以选择不同的时钟来测量休眠间隔时间。
Notes:
在介绍POSIX时钟和定时器之前,先介绍一下POSIX都有那些类型的时钟。
CLOCK_REALTIME:可设定的系统级实时时钟。用于度量真实时间。
CLOCK_MONOTONIC :不可设定的恒定态时钟。系统启动后就不会发生改变。
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:每进程CPU时间的时钟。测量调用进程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID:每线程CPU时间的时钟。测量调用线程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW:提供了对纯基于硬件时间的访问。不受NTP时间调整的影响。
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE:类似于CLOCK_REALTIME,适用于希望以最小代价获取较低分辨率时间戳的程序。返回值分辨率为jiffy。
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE:类似于CLOCK_MONOTONIC,适用于希望以最小代价获取较低分辨率时间戳的程序。返回值分辨率为jiffy。
CLOCK_BOOTTIME:
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM:
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM:
kernel/posix-timer.c
SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_settime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------设置POSIX时间,调用k_clock->clock_set const struct timespec __user *, tp)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_gettime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------获取POSIX时间,调用k_clock->clock_get struct timespec __user *,tp)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_adjtime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------调整时间,调用k_clock->clock_adj struct timex __user *, utx)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_getres, const clockid_t, which_clock,-----------------获取时钟精度,由硬件决定,调用k_clock->clock_getres struct timespec __user *, tp)SYSCALL_DEFINE4(clock_nanosleep, const clockid_t, which_clock, int, flags,--睡眠纳秒数,调用k_clock->nsleep const struct timespec __user *, rqtp, struct timespec __user *, rmtp)
clock_getcpuclockid
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID类型的clock_gettime
pthread_getcpuclockid
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID类型的clock_gettime
6.POSIX间隔式定时器
编译时需要使用-lrt选项。
#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309 #include <signal.h>#include <time.h>int timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *evp,timer_t *timerid); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint timer_settime(timer_t timerid, int flags,const struct itimerspec *value, struct itimerspec *old_value); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint timer_gettime(timer_t timerid, struct itimerspec *curr_value); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint timer_delete(timer_t timerid); Returns 0 on success, or –1 on errorint timer_getoverrun(timer_t timerid); Returns timer overrun count on success, or –1 on error |
POSIX定时器API生命周期阶段如下:
- 创建定时器timer_create(),并定义到期时对进程的通知方法,函数返回参数timerid所指向的缓冲区中放置定时器句柄,供后续调用中指代该定时器之用。timer_t用于标识定时器。
- 启动/停止定时器timer_settime()。
- 获取定时器当前值timer_gettime(),返回由timerid指定的间隔以及剩余时间。
- 获取定时器溢出值timer_getoverrun()。
- 删除定时器timer_delete(),对于已启动的定时器,会在移除前自动将其停止;如果定时器因到期已经在待定(pending),那么信号会保持这一状态;如果进程终止,会自动删除所有定时器。
Notes:
kernel/posix-timers.c中:SYSCALL_DEFINE3(timer_create, const clockid_t, which_clock,-----创建timer,时钟基准which_clock struct sigevent __user *, timer_event_spec, timer_t __user *, created_timer_id)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(timer_gettime, timer_t, timer_id,---------------获取timer剩余时间 struct itimerspec __user *, setting)SYSCALL_DEFINE1(timer_getoverrun, timer_t, timer_id)------------获取timer当前值,时间间隔以及剩余时间SYSCALL_DEFINE4(timer_settime, timer_t, timer_id, int, flags,---启动或停止timer const struct itimerspec __user *, new_setting, struct itimerspec __user *, old_setting)SYSCALL_DEFINE1(timer_delete, timer_t, timer_id)----------------删除timer
POSIX定时器分为三类,初始化路径如下:
init_posix_timers--> posix_timers_register_clock-|-> CLOCK_REALTIME |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW |-> CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE |-> CLOCK_BOOTTIMEalarmtimer_init-->posix_timers_register_clock-|->CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM |->CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARMinit_posix_cpu_timers-->posix_timers_register_clock-|->CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID |->CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
从posix_timers_register_clock可知,每个clock都必须具备clock_get和clock_getres,然后加入posix_clocks。
void posix_timers_register_clock(const clockid_t clock_id, struct k_clock *new_clock){ if ((unsigned) clock_id >= MAX_CLOCKS) { printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock register failed for clock_id %d\n", clock_id); return; } if (!new_clock->clock_get) { printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock id %d lacks clock_get()\n", clock_id); return; } if (!new_clock->clock_getres) {---------------------------------------clock_get和clock_getres必备 printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock id %d lacks clock_getres()\n", clock_id); return; } posix_clocks[clock_id] = *new_clock;----------------------------------posix_clocks保存所有相关timer信息}
结构体k_clock提供了关于clock的操作函数,clock_getres/clock_set/clock_get/clock_adj/nsleep/nsleep_restart对应POSIX时钟系统调用;timer_create/timer_set/timer_del/timer_get对应POSIX定时器。
struct k_clock { int (*clock_getres) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec *tp); int (*clock_set) (const clockid_t which_clock, const struct timespec *tp); int (*clock_get) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec * tp); int (*clock_adj) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timex *tx); int (*timer_create) (struct k_itimer *timer); int (*nsleep) (const clockid_t which_clock, int flags, struct timespec *, struct timespec __user *); long (*nsleep_restart) (struct restart_block *restart_block); int (*timer_set) (struct k_itimer * timr, int flags, struct itimerspec * new_setting, struct itimerspec * old_setting); int (*timer_del) (struct k_itimer * timr);#define TIMER_RETRY 1 void (*timer_get) (struct k_itimer * timr, struct itimerspec * cur_setting);};
系统调用和k_clock对应关系:
syscall | k_clock |
clock_getres | clock_getres |
clock_settime | clock_set |
clock_gettime | clock_get |
clock_adjtime | clock_adj |
clock_nanosleep | nsleep/nsleep_restart |
timer_create | timer_create |
timer_gettime | timer_get |
timer_getoverrun |
|
timer_settime | timer_set |
timer_delete | timer_del |
从上面的POSIX定时器初始化可以看出分为三类:POSIX定时器、POSIX Alarm定时器、POSIX CPU时间定时器。
k_itimer是POSIX定时器结构体,从其it union可以看出有real、cpu、alarm、mmtimer几种类型的定时器。
struct k_itimer { struct list_head list; /* free/ allocate list */ spinlock_t it_lock; clockid_t it_clock; /* which timer type */ timer_t it_id; /* timer id */ int it_overrun; /* overrun on pending signal */ int it_overrun_last; /* overrun on last delivered signal */ int it_requeue_pending; /* waiting to requeue this timer */#define REQUEUE_PENDING 1 int it_sigev_notify; /* notify word of sigevent struct */ struct signal_struct *it_signal; union { struct pid *it_pid; /* pid of process to send signal to */ struct task_struct *it_process; /* for clock_nanosleep */ }; struct sigqueue *sigq; /* signal queue entry. */ union { struct { struct hrtimer timer; ktime_t interval; } real; struct cpu_timer_list cpu; struct { unsigned int clock; unsigned int node; unsigned long incr; unsigned long expires; } mmtimer; struct { struct alarm alarmtimer; ktime_t interval; } alarm; struct rcu_head rcu; } it;};
kernel/posix-timers.c
CLOCK_REALTIME/ CLOCK_MONOTONIC/CLOCK_BOOTTIME三种时钟不但提供时钟功能,还提供定时器功能。这三种定时器都是基于hrtimer实现的。
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW/CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE/CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE三种类型的时钟只提供获取时间和获取精度接口。
kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID/ CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
只提供了timer_create接口,没有timer_set等。
struct k_clock process = { .clock_getres = process_cpu_clock_getres, .clock_get = process_cpu_clock_get, .timer_create = process_cpu_timer_create, .nsleep = process_cpu_nsleep, .nsleep_restart = process_cpu_nsleep_restart, }; struct k_clock thread = { .clock_getres = thread_cpu_clock_getres, .clock_get = thread_cpu_clock_get, .timer_create = thread_cpu_timer_create, };
kernel/time/alarmtimer.c
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM/CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
struct k_clock alarm_clock = { .clock_getres = alarm_clock_getres, .clock_get = alarm_clock_get, .timer_create = alarm_timer_create, .timer_set = alarm_timer_set, .timer_del = alarm_timer_del, .timer_get = alarm_timer_get, .nsleep = alarm_timer_nsleep, };
系统在suspend时,也会执行alarmtimer设备的suspend。在系统即将进入睡眠时,查找alarm_bases(包括ALARM_REALTIME和ALARM_BOOTTIME)的timerqueue,找出最近一次要超时的timer。将这个timer转换成RTC Timer,这样就会将系统从suspend状态唤醒。
/* Suspend hook structures */ static const struct dev_pm_ops alarmtimer_pm_ops = { .suspend = alarmtimer_suspend, };
static struct platform_driver alarmtimer_driver = { .driver = { .name = "alarmtimer", .pm = &alarmtimer_pm_ops, } }; |
和传统定时器相比POSIX的优势?
- 传统setitimer定时器只有三种定时器,每种只能设置一个。timer_create可以提供多种类型(include/linux/time.h CLOCK_REALTIME…),每种类型多个定时器共存。
- 只能通过发送信号来通知定时器到期。timer_create的evp参数决定定时器到期通知方式,SIGEV_NONE、SIGEV_SIGNAL、SIGEV_THREAD、SIGEV_THREAD_ID。可以选择通过执行线程函数来获取定时器通知。
- 如果一个间隔式定时器到期多次,且响应信号遭到阻塞是,只调用一次信号处理函数。无从知晓定时器是否溢出。timer_getoverrun可以获知超时定时器数目。
- setitimer定时器分辨率只能达到微妙级。POSIX定时器提供纳秒级。
下面整理一下不同定时器ID、定时器时钟基准、获取时间函数:
定时器ID | 定时器时钟 | 延时 | 时间函数 | 是否具备唤醒 | 是否计算 suspend时间 |
CLOCK_REALTIME | HRTIMER_BASE_REALTIME | common_nsleep | posix_clock_realtime_get | X | X |
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE | X | X | posix_get_realtime_coarse | X | X |
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM | HRTIMER_BASE_REALTIME | alarm_timer_nsleep | alarm_clock_get | X | |
CLOCK_MONOTONIC | HRTIMER_BASE_MONOTONIC | common_nsleep | posix_ktime_get_ts | X | X |
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW | X | X | posix_get_monotonic_raw | X | X |
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE | X | X | posix_get_monotonic_coarse | X | X |
CLOCK_BOOTTIME | HRTIMER_BASE_BOOTTIME | common_nsleep | posix_get_boottime | X | |
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM | HRTIMER_BASE_BOOTTIME | alarm_timer_nsleep | alarm_clock_get | ||
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID | X | process_cpu_nsleep | process_cpu_clock_get | X | X |
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID | X | X | thread_cpu_clock_get | X | X |
测试验证
- POSIX不同类型的定时器区别?归根结底还是基础时钟的不同,还有是否具备_ALARM。
- 多个POSIX定时器共存?可以多个定时器共存。
7.文件描述符定时器:timerfd API
Linux特有的timerfd API,可以从文件描述符中读取其所创建定时器的到期通知,也可以用使用select()、poll()、epoll()监控。
#include <sys/timerfd.h>int timerfd_create(int clockid, int flags);clockid可以设置为CLOCK_REALTIME或者CLOCK_MONOTONIC。相当于open创建一个句柄,可以使用close()关闭响应文件描述符。int timerfd_settime(int fd, int flags, const struct itimerspec *new_value, struct itimerspec *old_value);int timerfd_gettime(int fd, struct itimerspec *curr_value); |
timerfd_settime()启动了定时器,可以通过read()来读取定时器到期信息。read缓冲区必须容纳uint64_t类型,读取返回值是已发生的到期次数。
执行./demo_timerfd 1:1 100,使用Ctrl-Z将其变成挂起到背景执行,fg拉倒前台,Ctrl-C终止执行。可以看出在背景执行期间有10此到期。
./demo_timerfd 1:1 100 1.000: expirations read: 1; total=12.000: expirations read: 1; total=23.000: expirations read: 1; total=34.000: expirations read: 1; total=4^Z[2]+ Stopped ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100fg./demo_timerfd 1:1 10014.734: expirations read: 10; total=1415.000: expirations read: 1; total=1516.000: expirations read: 1; total=1617.000: expirations read: 1; total=1718.000: expirations read: 1; total=18^Z[2]+ Stopped ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100 |
Notes:
fs/timerfd.cSYSCALL_DEFINE2(timerfd_create, int, clockid, int, flags)--------------------------(1)SYSCALL_DEFINE4(timerfd_settime, int, ufd, int, flags,-----------------------------(2) const struct itimerspec __user *, utmr, struct itimerspec __user *, otmr)SYSCALL_DEFINE2(timerfd_gettime, int, ufd, struct itimerspec __user *, otmr)-------(3)
(1)
clockid可以设置为:CLOCK_REALTIME或CLOCK_MONOTONIC。
flags可设置为:TFD_CLOEXEC(Close on Exec,fork不被关闭)或者TFD_NONBLOCK(读操作是非阻塞式的)。
timerfd使用close关闭。
(2)flags为哦,则it_value视为始于timer_settime调用时间点的相对值。TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME则将其视为一个绝对时间(从时钟0点开始测量)。
(3)
timerfd和POSIX timer异同?
- timerfd也是基于hrtimer的
- 可以从文件描述符中获取定时器通知,还可使用select()、poll()、epoll()来监控这些描述符。
8.总结
setitimer()和alarm()设定定时器,以便于在经历指定的一段实际时间后收到信号通知。
sleep()和nano_sleep()指定程序暂停执行一段特定间隔的实际时间。
POSIX时钟API包括clock_gettime()、clock_getres()、clock_settime()、clock_getcpuclockid()、pthread_getcpuclockid()以及高分辨率clock_nanosleep(),这些函数提供个更丰富的时钟类型。
POSIX定时器API包括timer_create()、timer_settime()、timer_gettime、timer_getoverrun()、timer_delete,这些函数客服了setitimer()一系列缺陷,可以创建多个timer、获取timer溢出情况、设置不同触发方式。
timerfd_create()、timerfd_settime()、timerfd_gettime()提供一组创建定时器的接口,允许从文件秒速附中读取特定定时器通知。可以使用read()、select()、poll()、epoll()、close()来操作这些描述符。
和时间相关的库:
libc
librt
void getnstimeofday(struct timespec *ts){ unsigned long seq; s64 nsecs; WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended); do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); *ts = timekeeper.xtime; nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns(); printk("%s ts->tv_sec=%ld, ts->tv_nsec=%9ld, nsecs=%lld", ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec, nsecs); /* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */ nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset(); printk("%s ts->tv_sec=%ld, ts->tv_nsec=%9ld, nsecs=%lld", ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec, nsecs); } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);}
libc/librt函数名 | 系统调用 | hrtimer_clock_base/mode | 是否计入suspend | 是否具备唤醒 | RUN/IDLE/Suspend | 注释 |
延 时 | ||||||
sleep | nanosleep | CLOCK_MONOTONIC HRTIMER_MODE_REL | X | X | ||
usleep | X | X | ||||
nanosleep | X | X | ||||
clock_nanosleep | CLOCK_REALTIME | X | X | |||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC | X | X | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME | √ | X | ||||
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM | √ | √ | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM | √ | √ | ||||
定 时 器 | ||||||
alarm setitimer | ITIMER_REAL (ITIMER_VIRTUAL、 ITIMER_PROF)
| ITIMER_REAL基于hrtimer的: CLOCK_MONOTONIC/HRTIMER_MODE_REL | X | X | 由do_fork-->copy_process-->copy_signal创建hrtimer | |
... | ||||||
... | ||||||
timer_create/timer_settime/timer_gettime | CLOCK_REALTIME | X | X | |||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC | X | X | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME | √ | X | ||||
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM | √ | √ | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM | √ | √ | ||||
获 取 时 间 | ||||||
time | gettimeofday | do_gettimeofday-->getnstimeofday | void getnstimeofday(struct timespec *ts){ unsigned long seq; s64 nsecs; WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended); do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); *ts = timekeeper.xtime; nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();/* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */ nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset(); } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);}
| timekeeper.xtime timekeeping_get_ns arch_gettimeoffset() | ||
gettimeofday | ||||||
clock_gettime/clock_settime | CLOCK_REALTIME | ktime_get_real_ts-->getnstimeofday | ||||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC | ktime_get_ts | void ktime_get_ts(struct timespec *ts){ struct timespec tomono; unsigned int seq; s64 nsecs; WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended); do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); *ts = timekeeper.xtime; tomono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic; nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns(); /* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */ nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset(); } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); set_normalized_timespec(ts, ts->tv_sec + tomono.tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec + tomono.tv_nsec + nsecs);}
| timekeeper.xtime timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic timekeeping_get_ns() arch_gettimeoffset() | |||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME | get_monotonic_boottime | void get_monotonic_boottime(struct timespec *ts){ struct timespec tomono, sleep; unsigned int seq; s64 nsecs; WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended); do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); *ts = timekeeper.xtime; tomono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic; sleep = timekeeper.total_sleep_time; nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns(); } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); set_normalized_timespec(ts, ts->tv_sec + tomono.tv_sec + sleep.tv_sec, (s64)ts->tv_nsec + tomono.tv_nsec + sleep.tv_nsec + nsecs);}
| timekeeper.xtime timekeeper.wall_to_monotonictimekeeper.total_sleep_timetimekeeping_get_ns() | |||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW | getrawmonotonic | void getrawmonotonic(struct timespec *ts){ unsigned long seq; s64 nsecs; do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns_raw(); *ts = timekeeper.raw_time; } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);}
| timekeeper.raw_time timekeeping_get_ns_raw()
| |||
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE | current_kernel_time | struct timespec current_kernel_time(void){ struct timespec now; unsigned long seq; do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); now = timekeeper.xtime; } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); return now;}
| timekeeper.xtime | |||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE | get_monotonic_coarse | struct timespec get_monotonic_coarse(void){ struct timespec now, mono; unsigned long seq; do { seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock); now = timekeeper.xtime; mono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic; } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq)); set_normalized_timespec(&now, now.tv_sec + mono.tv_sec, now.tv_nsec + mono.tv_nsec); return now;}
| timekeeper.xtime timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic | |||
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM | ktime_get_real-->getnstimeofday | 同CLOCK_REALTIME | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM | ktime_get_boottime-->get_monotonic_boottime | 同CLOCK_BOOTTIME | ||||
/proc/uptime | uptime:do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(ktime_get_ts)+monotonic_to_bootbased idletime:kernel_cpustat.cpustat[CPUTIMEIDLE] | uptime: idletime:CPU idle时间总和 | timekeeper.xtime timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic timekeeper.total_sleep_time timekeeping_get_ns() arch_gettimeoffset() |
总结:
1.上述关于时间获取的函数
timekeeper.xtime------------------------------------------墙上时间,全局变量struct timekeeper timerkeeper的成员。记录从Epoch到当前的时间差。
timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic-------------------------monotonic到xtime的偏移量,wall_to_monotonic+xtime等与monotonic时间
timekeeper.total_sleep_time----------------------------记录系统suspend时间
timekeeper.raw_time-------------------------------------
timekeeping_get_ns()------------------------------------clock->cycle_last记录了最近一次时钟读取的cycle数,timekeeping_get_ns返回的是上次读取到本次读取之间的时间差值。
timekeeping_get_ns_raw()-----------------------------和timekeeping_get_ns类似,只是mult/shift基准不同。
arch_gettimeoffset()--------------------------------------架构相关调用system_timer->offset(),如未实现则返回0.
xtime | wall_to_monotonic | total_sleep_time | raw_time | timekeeping_get_ns | timekeeping_get_ns_raw | arch_gettimeoffset | ||
time | √ | √ | √ | |||||
gettimeofday | ||||||||
CLOCK_REALTIME | ||||||||
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM | ||||||||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW | √ | √ | ||||||
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE | √ | |||||||
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE | √ | √ | ||||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM | ||||||||
/proc/uptime | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1.1 time、gettimeofday、CLOCK_REALTIME*都包含了睡眠时间,不过精度不同,分别是秒、微妙、纳秒。时间起点是Epoch。
1.2 CLOCK_BOOTTIME*也包含了睡眠时间,精度为纳秒。时间起点是内核开机。
1.3 CLOCK_MONOTONIC时间起点也是内核开机,只不过不记录睡眠时间。
下面是时间一次测试的结果:
2. 关于延时函数
2.1 sleep精度为秒,nanosleep精度为纳秒。sleep是使用nanosleep还是alarm依赖于库的实现,使用需谨慎。两周都不计入suspend时间,也不能唤醒系统。
2.2 clock_nanosleep的CLOCK_BOOTTIME计入suspend时间,但是不具备唤醒功能。在超时后,如果系统唤醒立即执行。
2.3 clock_nanosleep的CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM和CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM计入suspend时间,并且在超时后具备唤醒系统的能力。需要root权限。
2.4 sleep和nanosleep再被中断频繁中断,然后重新sleep都无法避免嗜睡问题。clock_nanosleep可以通过设置TIMER_ABSTIME来避免嗜睡问题。
3. 关于定时器
3.1 alarm()和setitimer()精度分别为秒和微秒。但是由于alarm是调用setitimer,所以两者不能混用。后调用者会覆盖前者。
3.2 POSIX定时器精度为纳秒,可以多定时器、多种类型定时器共存。
3.3 POSIX的CLOCK_BOOTTIME将suspend 时间计入,但不具备唤醒功能,超时后只能在系统唤醒后立即执行。
3.4 POSIX的CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM和CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM都将suspend时间计入,并且能唤醒系统。需要root。
测试代码:
#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309#include#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define CLOCK_REALTIME 0#define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 1#define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID 2#define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID 3#define CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW 4#define CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE 5#define CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE 6#define CLOCK_BOOTTIME 7#define CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM 8#define CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM 9#define TIMER_SIG SIGRTMAX /* Our timer notification signal */#define BUF_SIZE 256char *currTime(const char *format){ char buf_local[BUF_SIZE]; /* Nonreentrant */ time_t t; size_t s; struct tm *tm; t = time(NULL); tm = localtime(&t); if (tm == NULL) return NULL; s = strftime(buf_local, BUF_SIZE, (format != NULL) ? format : "%c", tm); return (s == 0) ? NULL : buf_local;}void print_buf(char *buf){ time_t t; size_t s; struct tm *tm; t = time(NULL); tm = localtime(&t); if (tm == NULL) return; s = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%T", tm);}void print_time_t(time_t *t){ printf("time_t=%ld\n", *t); }void print_timeval(struct timeval *tv){ printf("timeval=%ld.%6ld\n", tv->tv_sec, tv->tv_usec); }void print_timespec(char * head, struct timespec *ts){ printf("%s timespec=%ld.%9ld\n", head, ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec); }static void *sleep_func(void *arg){ printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); sleep(60); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *nanosleep_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 60; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = nanosleep(&request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret, flags = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 60; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_REALTIME, flags, &request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret, flags = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 90; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, flags, &request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_MONOTONIC_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret, flags = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 60; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, flags, &request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret, flags = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 60; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, flags, &request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM_func(void *arg){ struct timespec request, remain; int ret, flags = 0; printf("[%s] Start %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__); request.tv_sec = 60; request.tv_nsec = 0; ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, flags, &request, &remain); if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR) printf("Error %s\n", __func__); printf("[%s] End %s\n", currTime("%T"), __func__);}static void alarm_handler(int sig){ printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}static void realtime_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc){ timer_t *tidptr; tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr; printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}static void monotonic_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc){ timer_t *tidptr; tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr; printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}static void boottime_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc){ timer_t *tidptr; tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr; printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}static void realtime_alarm_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc){ timer_t *tidptr; tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr; printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}static void boottime_alarm_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc){ timer_t *tidptr; tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr; printf("\n[%s] %s sig=%d\n", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);}int posix_timer_start(timer_t timer, clockid_t which_clock, struct sigevent *sev, struct itimerspec *ts){ if (timer_create(which_clock, sev, &timer) == -1) { printf("Error timer_create %d\n", which_clock); return -1; } if (timer_settime(timer, 0, ts, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error timer_settime %d\n", which_clock); return -1; }}//#define TEST_TIME//#define TEST_SLEEP#define TEST_TIMERintmain(int argc, char *argv[]){#if 0---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------读取进程的capabilities,_ALARM需要WAKEUP能力。 struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header; struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data[2]; cap_header.pid = getpid(); cap_header.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3; if( capget(&cap_header, cap_data) < 0) { printf("%s\n", strerror(errno)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("capheader: %x %d\n", cap_header.version, cap_header.pid); printf("capdata: %x %x %x\n", cap_data[0].effective, cap_data[0].permitted, cap_data[0].inheritable); printf("capdata: %x %x %x\n", cap_data[1].effective, cap_data[1].permitted, cap_data[1].inheritable);#endif//**********************************************Get time Test********************************************************#ifdef TEST_TIME struct timespec clock_ts; struct timeval tv; time_t t; t = time(NULL); ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------time print_time_t(&t); if(gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) == -1)----------------------------------------------------------------------gettimeofday printf("Error gettimeofday.\n"); print_timeval(&tv); clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME", &clock_ts);----------------clock_gettime... clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_BOOTTIME", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM", &clock_ts); clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM", &clock_ts);#endif//*******************************************************************************************************************//***********************************************Delay Test**********************************************************#ifdef TEST_SLEEP pthread_t pthread_sleep, pthread_nanosleep, pthread_clock_nanosleep_1, pthread_clock_nanosleep_2, pthread_clock_nanosleep_3, pthread_clock_nanosleep_4, pthread_clock_nanosleep_5; int ret; ret = pthread_create(&pthread_sleep, NULL, sleep_func, "sleep");----------------------------------------------在不同线程中睡眠 if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_nanosleep, NULL, nanosleep_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_1, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_2, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_3, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_MONOTONIC_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_4, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_5, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM_func, "sleep"); if(ret != 0) printf("pthread_create ret=%d\n", ret); #endif//*******************************************************************************************************************//**********************************************Timer Test********************************************************#ifdef TEST_TIMER struct itimerval itv; struct itimerspec ts; struct sigaction sa; struct sigevent sev; timer_t *tidlist; int sig_no = 0; tidlist = calloc(5, sizeof(timer_t)); if (tidlist == NULL) { printf("Error malloc\n"); return -1; } itv.it_value.tv_sec = 0; itv.it_value.tv_usec = 0; itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 0; ts.it_value.tv_sec = 0; ts.it_value.tv_nsec = 0; ts.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; ts.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0; printf("\n[%s] Start timer\n", currTime("%T"));//setitimer itv.it_value.tv_sec = 20; sa.sa_flags = 0; sa.sa_handler = alarm_handler; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } alarm(10); if(setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, 0) == -1)------------------------------覆盖前面的alarm() { printf("Error setitimer line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; }//POSIX Timer: CLOCK_REALTIME ts.it_value.tv_sec = 40;----------------------------------------------定时器时间 sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+5;------------------------------------------------自定义信号 sa.sa_sigaction = realtime_handler;-----------------------------------handler sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)-------------------------------注册信号处理函数 { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL; sev.sigev_signo = sig_no; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[0]; posix_timer_start(tidlist[0], CLOCK_REALTIME, &sev, &ts);------------创建timer//POSIX Timer: CLOCK_MONOTONIC ts.it_value.tv_sec = 60; sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+6; sa.sa_sigaction = monotonic_handler; sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL; sev.sigev_signo = sig_no; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[1]; posix_timer_start(tidlist[1], CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &sev, &ts);//POSIX Timer: CLOCK_BOOTTIME ts.it_value.tv_sec = 80; sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+7; sa.sa_sigaction = boottime_handler; sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL; sev.sigev_signo = sig_no; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[2]; posix_timer_start(tidlist[2], CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &sev, &ts);//POSIX Timer: CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM ts.it_value.tv_sec = 100; sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+8; sa.sa_sigaction = realtime_alarm_handler; sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL; sev.sigev_signo = sig_no; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[3]; posix_timer_start(tidlist[3], CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, &sev, &ts);//POSIX Timer: CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM ts.it_value.tv_sec = 120; sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+9; sa.sa_sigaction = boottime_alarm_handler; sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1) { printf("Error sigaction line=%d\n", __LINE__); return -1; } sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL; sev.sigev_signo = sig_no; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[4]; posix_timer_start(tidlist[4], CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, &sev, &ts);#endif//*****************************************************************************************************************// sleep(250);// printf("[%s] Enter sleep\n", currTime("%T"));// system("echo mem > /sys/power/state"); for (;;) /* Wait for incoming timer signals */ pause();}